Analysis of Kelch-Like Ech-Associated Protein (Keap 1) Receptors in Improving Physical Fitness (VO2max) of Indonesian Hajj Healthcare Personnel Candidates
Abstract
Genetic factors affect physical fitness (VO2max) by 20-30%, since they are related to the biogenesis of mitochondria and the nuclear genome of human genes. The regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle cells is activated by marker NRF 2, which is KEAP 1 levels signalled by muscle contraction. The aims of this study was to identify the effect of Kelch-Like Ech-Associated Protein 1 receptor on VO2max levels in PKHI candidates. There were 30 PKHI Personnel candidates involved, whose blood samples were taken by 3 ml before and after exercise to identify KEAP 1 levels. Furthermore, VO2max was also measured using the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT) technique using the Bleep Test method before and after the intervention. After that, an intervention was provided by asking them to run 1,600 meters 3 times a week for 16 times. After an interval of 1 week, VO2max was remeasured without any intervention. The data obtained were further analyzed using a statistical test of Paired Independent sample test to know the effect of NRF2 gene expression on VO2maxlevels. In addition, Mann Whitney Test was also performed aiming to see the trend of VO2maxretention changes post-exercise 1 and post-exercise 2 (SPSS 21, Chicago Inc.). EEwas able to change KEAP 1 levels pre-and post-exercise by 0.16 (pg/dL) even though the changes were not significant. In addition, VO2maxalso increased at an average of 15.50 ml/kg/mt even though the changes were not significantly either even after one week of EE period.
Keywords: KEAP 1 Receptors, Physical Fitness, VO2max, PKHI
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adelusi, T. I. et al. (2020) ‘Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling unfolds therapeutic targets for redox imbalanced-mediated diseases and diabetic nephropathy’, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. Elsevier, 123, p. 109732.
Amaro-Gahete, F. J. et al. (2019) ‘Changes in physical fitness after 12 weeks of structured concurrent exercise training, high intensity interval training, or whole-body electromyostimulation training in sedentary middle-aged adults: a randomized controlled trial’, Frontiers in physiology. Frontiers, 10, p. 451.
Astriyana, S., Doewes, M. and Purnama, S. K. (2017) ‘The difference effect between ice massage and myofascial trigger point dry needling to reduce lactic acid in delay onset muscle soreness (Doms)’.
Barclay, C. J. (2017) ‘Energy demand and supply in human skeletal muscle’, Journal of muscle research and cell motility. Springer, 38(2), pp. 143–155.
Barshad, G. et al. (2018) ‘Mitochondrial DNA Transcription and Its Regulation: An Evolutionary Perspective’, Trends in Genetics, 34(9), pp. 682–692. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2018.05.009.
Bellezza, I. et al. (2018) ‘Nrf2-Keap1 signaling in oxidative and reductive stress’, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research. Elsevier, 1865(5), pp. 721–733.
Benardot, D. (2020) Advanced sports nutrition. Human Kinetics Publishers.
Bennett, H. et al. (2016) ‘Validity of Submaximal Step Tests to Estimate Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Healthy Adults’, Sports Medicine, 46(5), pp. 737–750. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0445-1.
Beyfuss, K. et al. (2018) ‘The role of p53 in determining mitochondrial adaptations to endurance training in skeletal muscle’, Scientific reports. Nature Publishing Group, 8(1), pp. 1–14.
Bharathiraja, B. et al. (2018) ‘Biogas production–A review on composition, fuel properties, feed stock and principles of anaerobic digestion’, Renewable and sustainable Energy reviews. Elsevier, 90(April), pp. 570–582.
Booth, F. W., Roberts, C. K. and Laye, M. J. (2012) ‘Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases’, Comprehensive physiology. NIH Public Access, 2(2), p. 1143.
Brechbuhl, C. et al. (2018) ‘Differences within elite female tennis players during an incremental field test’, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 50(12), pp. 2465–2473. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001714.
Broskey, N. T. et al. (2014) ‘Skeletal muscle mitochondria in the elderly: effects of physical fitness and exercise training’, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. Oxford University Press, 99(5), pp. 1852–1861.
Chen, M. et al. (2015) ‘Effects of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) treatment on postharvest physiology, quality and storage behavior of longan fruit’, Food and Bioprocess Technology. Springer, 8(5), pp. 971–982.
Cunningham, K. S., Spears, D. A. and Care, M. (2019) ‘Evaluation of cardiac hypertrophy in the setting of sudden cardiac death’, Forensic Sciences Research. Taylor & Francis, 4(3), pp. 223–240. doi: 10.1080/20961790.2019.1633761.
Dalsgaard, T. et al. (2014) ‘Oxygen at nanomolar levels reversibly suppresses process rates and gene expression in anammox and denitrification in the oxygen minimum zone off northern Chile’, MBio. Am Soc Microbiol, 5(6), pp. e01966-14.
Dondzila, C. J. (2013) ‘Examining mediators to physical activity as a link to interventional efforts aimed at increasing activity levels and improving physical functioning in older adults’. The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Done, A. J. and Traustadóttir, T. (2016) ‘Nrf2 mediates redox adaptations to exercise’, Redox Biology. Elsevier, 10, pp. 191–199. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.10.003.
Ehrman, J. K., Kerrigan, D. J. and Keteyian, S. J. (2017) Advanced Exercise Physiology: Essential Concepts and Applications. Human Kinetics. Available at: https://books.google.co.id/books?id=VPF6DwAAQBAJ.
F., F. G. et al. (2018) ‘Promoting Physical Activity and Exercise’, Journal of the American College of Cardiology. American College of Cardiology Foundation, 72(14), pp. 1622–1639. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2141.
Festiawan, R. et al. (2021) ‘Improvement Physical Fitness Level on Mountain Climbing Athletes: High-Intensity Interval Training and Oregon Circuit Training Effect’, Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 7(1), pp. 19–36.
Fikenzer, K. et al. (2018) ‘Effects of endurance training on serum lipids’, Vascular Pharmacology. Elsevier Inc, 101, pp. 9–20. doi: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.11.005.
Gallego-Selles, A. et al. (2020) ‘Regulation of Nrf2/Keap1 signalling in human skeletal muscle during exercise to exhaustion in normoxia, severe acute hypoxia and post-exercise ischaemia: Influence of metabolite accumulation and oxygenation’, Redox biology. Elsevier, 36, p. 101627.
Gao, Y. et al. (2020) ‘Isoliquiritigenin exerts antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects via activating the KEAP-1/Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting the NF-κB and NLRP3 pathways in carrageenan-induced pleurisy.’, Food & function. England, 11(3), pp. 2522–2534. doi: 10.1039/c9fo01984g.
Giudice, A., Arra, C. and Turco, M. C. (2010) ‘Review of molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway by chemopreventive agents’, Transcription Factors. Springer, pp. 37–74.
Goodwin, K. A., Headley, S. A. E. and Pescatello, L. S. (2009) ‘Exercise prescription for the prevention and management of hypertension’, American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, 3(6), pp. 446–449.
Hackney, A. C. (2016) Exercise, Sport, and Bioanalytical Chemistry: Principles and Practice. Elsevier Science (Emerging Issues in Analytical Chemistry). Available at: https://books.google.co.id/books?id=RKJgCwAAQBAJ.
Haman, F. and Blondin, D. P. (2017) ‘Shivering thermogenesis in humans: Origin, contribution and metabolic requirement’, Temperature. Taylor & Francis, 4(3), pp. 217–226.
He, Z. et al. (2008) ‘NRF-1 genotypes and endurance exercise capacity in young Chinese men’, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(5), pp. 361–366. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.042945.
Hoppeler, H. (2019) ‘The Range of Mitochondrial Adaptation in Muscle Fibers: ’, in Pette, D. (ed.). De Gruyter, pp. 567–586. doi: doi:10.1515/9783110884784-045.
Islam, H., Edgett, B. A. and Gurd, B. J. (2018) ‘Coordination of mitochondrial biogenesis by PGC-1α in human skeletal muscle: A re-evaluation’, Metabolism, 79, pp. 42–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.001.
James, C. A. et al. (2017) ‘Defining the determinants of endurance running performance in the heat’, Temperature, 4(3), pp. 314–329. doi: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1333189.
J Tronstad, K. et al. (2014) ‘Regulation and quantification of cellular mitochondrial morphology and content’, Current pharmaceutical design. Bentham Science Publishers, 20(35), pp. 5634–5652.
Ji, L. L., Kang, C. and Zhang, Y. (2016) ‘Exercise-induced hormesis and skeletal muscle health’, Free Radical Biology and Medicine. Elsevier, 98, pp. 113–122.
Jones, A. M. (2016) ‘12-Day Adventure Run-Hike Training at Altitude Improves Sea Level 5km Performance’.
Jones, A. M. and Carter, H. (2000) ‘The Effect of Endurance Training on Parameters of Aerobic Fitness’, Sports Med, 29(6), pp. 374–383.
Kaidah, S., Kasab, J. and Ridhoni, M. H. (2020) ‘VO2 Max in River Beach communities in hst district by age, gender, and mobile immunity (neutrofil and limfosite)’, European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(8), pp. 1126–1132.
Karaman, R. and Khawaja, Y. (2015) ‘A Novel Mathematical Equation For Calculating The Number of ATP Molecules Generated From Sugars In Cells’. WJPR, Tara Pal, WJPR.
Kasai, S. et al. (2020) ‘Regulation of Nrf2 by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in physiology and pathology’, Biomolecules, 10(2), pp. 1–21. doi: 10.3390/biom10020320.
Kim, M.-B., Kim, C. and Hwang, J.-K. (2019) ‘Standardized Siegesbeckia orientalis L. Extract Increases Exercise Endurance Through Stimulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis’, Journal of Medicinal Food. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers, 22(11), pp. 1159–1167. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4485.
Knuiman, P. et al. (2019) ‘Protein supplementation elicits greater gains in maximal oxygen uptake capacity and stimulates lean mass accretion during prolonged endurance training: a double-blind randomized controlled trial’, The American journal of clinical nutrition. Oxford Academic, 110(2), pp. 508–518.
Koch, R. E. et al. (2021) ‘Integrating mitochondrial aerobic metabolism into ecology and evolution’, Trends in Ecology & Evolution. Elsevier.
Kohl 3rd, H. W. et al. (2012) ‘The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health’, The lancet. Elsevier, 380(9838), pp. 294–305.
Kohl III, H. W. and Cook, H. D. (2013) ‘Physical activity and physical education: Relationship to growth, development, and health’, in Educating the student body: Taking physical activity and physical education to school. National Academies Press (US).
Kondaveeti, S. and Min, B. (2015) ‘Bioelectrochemical reduction of volatile fatty acids in anaerobic digestion effluent for the production of biofuels’, Water research. Elsevier, 87, pp. 137–144.
Landgraff, H. W. et al. (2021) ‘Longitudinal changes in maximal oxygen uptake in adolescent girls and boys with different training backgrounds’, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. Wiley Online Library, 31, pp. 65–72.
Lashgari, M. (2015) ‘Use of solar and alternative energy to reduce emissions’, in Symposium Committee, p. 185.
Lu, M. et al. (2016) ‘The Keap1–Nrf2–ARE pathway as a potential preventive and therapeutic target: an update’, Medicinal research reviews. Wiley Online Library, 36(5), pp. 924–963.
Lundby, C., Montero, D. and Joyner, M. (2017) ‘Biology of VO2max: looking under the physiology lamp’, Acta Physiologica. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 220(2), pp. 218–228. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12827.
Mach, N. and Fuster-Botella, D. (2017) ‘Endurance exercise and gut microbiota: A review’, Journal of sport and health science. Elsevier, 6(2), pp. 179–197.
MacInnis, M. J. and Gibala, M. J. (2017) ‘Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity’, Journal of Physiology, 595(9), pp. 2915–2930. doi: 10.1113/JP273196.
Magder, S. (2016) ‘Volume and its relationship to cardiac output and venous return’, Critical Care, 20(1), p. 271. doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1438-7.
Manoj, K. M. et al. (2019) ‘Chemiosmotic and murburn explanations for aerobic respiration: predictive capabilities, structure-function correlations and chemico-physical logic’, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics. Elsevier, 676, p. 108128.
Martin, W. F., Tielens, A. G. M. and Mentel, M. (2020) Mitochondria and Anaerobic Energy Metabolism in Eukaryotes: Biochemistry and Evolution. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
Mason, S. A. et al. (2020) ‘Antioxidant supplements and endurance exercise: Current evidence and mechanistic insights’, Redox biology. Elsevier, 35, p. 101471.
Di Meo, S., Napolitano, G. and Venditti, P. (2019) ‘Mediators of physical activity protection against ROS-linked skeletal muscle damage’, International journal of molecular sciences. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 20(12), p. 3024.
Mergenthaler, P. et al. (2013) ‘Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function’, Trends in neurosciences. Elsevier, 36(10), pp. 587–597.
Montero, D. and Díaz-Cañestro, C. (2016) ‘Endurance training and maximal oxygen consumption with ageing: Role of maximal cardiac output and oxygen extraction’, European journal of preventive cardiology. Oxford University Press, 23(7), pp. 733–743.
Morton, R. H. and Billat, V. (2000) ‘Maximal endurance time at VO(2max)’, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(8), pp. 1496–1504. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200008000-00020.
Munro, D. and Treberg, J. R. (2017) ‘A radical shift in perspective: mitochondria as regulators of reactive oxygen species’, Journal of Experimental Biology, 220(7), pp. 1170–1180. doi: 10.1242/jeb.132142.
Nabi, T., Rafiq, N. and Qayoom, O. (2015) ‘Assessment of cardiovascular fitness [VO2 max] among medical students by Queens College step test’, Int j Biomed adv res. Citeseer, 6(5), pp. 418–421.
Nelson, J. A. (2016) ‘Oxygen consumption rate v. rate of energy utilization of fishes: a comparison and brief history of the two measurements’, Journal of Fish Biology. Wiley Online Library, 88(1), pp. 10–25.
Oliveira, A. N. and Hood, D. A. (2019) ‘Exercise is mitochondrial medicine for muscle’, Sports Medicine and Health Science. Elsevier Ltd, 1(1), pp. 11–18. doi: 10.1016/j.smhs.2019.08.008.
Pearce, S. F. et al. (2017) ‘Regulation of Mammalian Mitochondrial Gene Expression: Recent Advances’, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 42(8), pp. 625–639. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2017.02.003.
Persky, A. M. and Eudy, A. E. (2015) ‘1 Foundations of Energy Metabolism’, Nutrition for Elite Athletes. CRC Press, p. 1.
Pettersen, S., Fredriksen, P. M. and Ingjer, E. (2001) ‘The correlation between peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and running performance in children and adolescents. Aspects of different units’, Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 11, pp. 223–228. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.110405.x.
Pettit, A. P. et al. (2017) ‘Dietary Methionine Restriction Regulates Liver Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression Independently of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 Phosphorylation in Mice’, The Journal of Nutrition, 147(6), pp. 1031–1040. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.246710.
Picard, M. et al. (2013) ‘Mitochondrial morphology transitions and functions: implications for retrograde signaling?’, American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. American Physiological Society Bethesda, MD, 304(6), pp. R393–R406.
Plank, J. L. and Dean, A. (2014) ‘Enhancer function: Mechanistic and genome-wide insights come together’, Molecular Cell. Elsevier Inc., 55(1), pp. 5–14. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.06.015.
Purba, R. H. et al. (2021) ‘Model Prediction Maximum Oxygen Intake (VO2max) Using the Bleep Test in Male Junior Athletes’, Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. Medknow Publications, 12(1), pp. 1243–1247.
Radak, Z. et al. (2019) ‘Exercise effects on physiological function during aging’, Free Radical Biology and Medicine. Elsevier B.V., 132(1), pp. 33–41. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.444.
Ramezani, A., Nahad, M. P. and Faghihloo, E. (2018) ‘The role of Nrf2 transcription factor in viral infection’, Journal of cellular biochemistry. Wiley Online Library, 119(8), pp. 6366–6382.
Ranković, G. et al. (2010) ‘Aerobic capacity as an indicator in different kinds of sports’, Bosnian journal of basic medical sciences. Association of Basic Medical Sciences of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 10(1), p. 44.
Rogers, L. Q. et al. (2018) ‘Physical Activity BT - Handbook of Cancer Survivorship’, in Feuerstein, M. and Nekhlyudov, L. (eds). Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 287–307. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-77432-9_15.
Rusdiawan, A., Sholikhah, A. M. and Prihatiningsih, S. (2020) ‘The changes in pH levels, blood lactic acid and fatigue index to anaerobic exercise on athlete after NaHCO’, Malaysian J Med Health Sci, 16(16), pp. 50–56.
Russeng, S. S. et al. (2018) ‘The Investigation of the Lactic Acid Change among Employee of National Electrical Power Plan.’, Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 9(1).
Saghiv, M. S. and Sagiv, M. S. (2020) ‘Skeletal Muscles BT - Basic Exercise Physiology: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives’, in Saghiv, M. S. and Sagiv, M. S. (eds). Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 407–436. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-48806-2_8.
Salin, K. et al. (2015) ‘Variation in the link between oxygen consumption and ATP production, and its relevance for animal performance’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. The Royal Society, 282(1812), p. 20151028.
Sandberg, M. et al. (2014) ‘NRF2-regulation in brain health and disease: implication of cerebral inflammation’, Neuropharmacology. Elsevier, 79, pp. 298–306.
Seo, D. Y. et al. (2016) ‘Age-related changes in skeletal muscle mitochondria: the role of exercise’, Integrative medicine research. Elsevier, 5(3), pp. 182–186.
Sikora, A. et al. (2017) ‘Anaerobic digestion: I. A common process ensuring energy flow and the circulation of matter in ecosystems. II. A tool for the production of gaseous biofuels’, Fermentation processes. BoD–Books on Demand, 14, p. 271.
Smith, K. J. et al. (2020) ‘Cerebral blood flow responses to exercise are enhanced in left ventricular assist device patients after an exercise rehabilitation program’, Journal of Applied Physiology. American Physiological Society Bethesda, MD, 128(1), pp. 108–116.
Tachtsis, B. et al. (2016) ‘Acute endurance exercise induces nuclear p53 abundance in human skeletal muscle’, Frontiers in physiology. Frontiers, 7, p. 144.
Tanveer, M. S. and Hasan, M. K. (2019) ‘Cuffless blood pressure estimation from electrocardiogram and photoplethysmogram using waveform based ANN-LSTM network’, Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 51, pp. 382–392. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2019.02.028.
Theilen, N. T., Kunkel, G. H. and Tyagi, S. C. (2017) ‘The role of exercise and TFAM in preventing skeletal muscle atrophy’, Journal of cellular physiology. Wiley Online Library, 232(9), pp. 2348–2358.
Tyrrell, D. J. et al. (2016) ‘Blood cell respirometry is associated with skeletal and cardiac muscle bioenergetics: Implications for a minimally invasive biomarker of mitochondrial health’, Redox Biology, 10, pp. 65–77. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2016.09.009.
Vargas-Mendoza, N. et al. (2019) ‘Antioxidant and adaptative response mediated by Nrf2 during physical exercise’, Antioxidants, 8(6), pp. 1–27. doi: 10.3390/antiox8060196.
Verges, S. (2019) ‘Respiratory muscle training’, in Exercise and sports pulmonology. Springer, pp. 143–151.
Wang, F. et al. (2020) ‘Total Glycosides of Cistanche deserticola Promote Neurological Function Recovery by Inducing Neurovascular Regeneration via Nrf-2/Keap-1 Pathway in MCAO/R Rats ’, Frontiers in Pharmacology , p. 236. Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2020.00236.
Wang, X. et al. (2020) ‘Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan Decoction Protects H9c2 Cells against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Injury via Regulation of the Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1 Signaling Pathway’, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Hindawi, 2020.
Wells, G. D., Selvadurai, H. and Tein, I. (2009) ‘Bioenergetic provision of energy for muscular activity’, Paediatric respiratory reviews. Elsevier, 10(3), pp. 83–90.
Wilson, M. G., Ellison, G. M. and Cable, N. T. (2016) ‘Basic science behind the cardiovascular benefits of exercise’, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(2), p. 93 LP-99. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-306596rep.
Woods, J. A. et al. (2020) ‘The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity’, Sports Medicine and Health Science, 2(2), pp. 55–64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2020.05.006.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32382/uh.v3i1.2526
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.